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1.
Rev Med Liege ; 79(4): 202-207, 2024 Apr.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38602206

RESUMO

Hypercholesterolemia, especially LDL-C («Low-Density-Lipoprotein - Cholesterol¼), is a major cardiovascular risk factor, especially for coronary artery disease. Patients at high or very high cardiovascular risk should reach LDL concentrations as low as possible («the lower, the better¼), with a reduction of at least 50 % from baseline levels according to the most recent guidelines, especially those in secondary prevention. An ezetimibe-statin combination most often allows to reach this goal thanks to a complementary action. The objectives of this article are to remind the dual actions of these two medications, to summarize the clinical evidence showing not only a remarkable cholesterol-lowering effect but also a reduction in cardiovascular events in both controlled trials and observational real-life studies, to specify the positioning of this combined oral therapy in the last international guidelines and to mention pharmaceutical specialties that combine ezetimibe with a statin available for the practitioner.


L'hypercholestérolémie, en particulier le LDL-C («Low-Density-Lipoprotein - Cholesterol¼), est un facteur de risque cardiovasculaire, notamment coronarien, majeur. Les patients à haut ou très haut risque cardiovasculaire doivent atteindre des concentrations de LDL les plus basses possibles (concept du «the lower, the better¼), avec une diminution d'au moins 50 % des valeurs de base selon les dernières recommandations, tout particulièrement ceux en prévention secondaire. Une combinaison ézétimibe-statine permet souvent d'atteindre cet objectif grâce à une action complémentaire. Le but de cet article est de rappeler la dualité des mécanismes d'action de ces deux approches, de résumer les évidences cliniques montrant non seulement un remarquable effet hypocholestérolémiant mais aussi une réduction des événements cardiovasculaires dans les essais cliniques et dans les études observationnelles de vraie vie, de préciser la position de cette combinaison thérapeutique orale dans les dernières recommandations internationales et de mentionner les spécialités pharmaceutiques associant l'ézétimibe à une statine mises à la disposition du praticien.


Assuntos
Anticolesterolemiantes , Azetidinas , Inibidores de Hidroximetilglutaril-CoA Redutases , Hipercolesterolemia , Humanos , Inibidores de Hidroximetilglutaril-CoA Redutases/uso terapêutico , Ezetimiba/uso terapêutico , Hipercolesterolemia/tratamento farmacológico , Anticolesterolemiantes/uso terapêutico , Azetidinas/uso terapêutico , LDL-Colesterol/uso terapêutico , Colesterol/uso terapêutico , Quimioterapia Combinada , Resultado do Tratamento
2.
Rev Med Liege ; 79(4): 260-264, 2024 Apr.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38602215

RESUMO

Patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) are frequently exposed to comorbidities, mainly cardiovascular complications. Thus, a polypharmacy is often mandatory, targeting not only T2D but also comorbidities such as coronary artery disease and heart failure. Interestingly, some drugs improve glucose control, cardiovascular prognosis and heart failure outcome. This versatility may cause trouble regarding prescriptions by practitioners, especially because of the restricted conditions for the reimbursement in Belgium. This clinical vignette aims at discussing the path of pharmacotherapy for a patient with T2D who suffers from a myocardial infarction and subsequently develops a heart failure. It will mainly focus on the place of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and sodium-glucose cotransporters 2 (gliflozins) as well as the potential of their combination in this context, considering the current restrictions for the reimbursement.


Le patient avec un diabète de type 2 (DT2) est souvent exposé à diverses comorbidités, notamment cardiovasculaires. Dès lors, une polymédication est souvent nécessaire, ciblant le DT2 lui-même, mais aussi les comorbidités comme une coronaropathie et une insuffisance cardiaque. De façon intéressante, certaines médications améliorent à la fois le contrôle glycémique, le pronostic cardiovasculaire et le devenir de l'insuffisance cardiaque. Cette polyvalence peut jeter le trouble en ce qui concerne les prescriptions chez les praticiens, notamment en lien avec les conditions restrictives de remboursement en Belgique. Cette vignette clinique a pour but d'illustrer le cheminement de la pharmacothérapie d'un patient avec un DT2 qui présente un infarctus du myocarde puis, secondairement, une insuffisance cardiaque. Elle ciblera surtout la place des agonistes des récepteurs du glucagon-like peptide-1 et des inhibiteurs des cotransporteurs sodium-glucose de type 2 (gliflozines), et expliquera l'intérêt de leur combinaison dans ce contexte en tenant compte des conditions actuelles de remboursement.


Assuntos
Doenças Cardiovasculares , Sistema Cardiovascular , Doença da Artéria Coronariana , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Insuficiência Cardíaca , Humanos , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicações , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Hipoglicemiantes/uso terapêutico , Insuficiência Cardíaca/complicações , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/complicações , Receptor do Peptídeo Semelhante ao Glucagon 1/agonistas , Doenças Cardiovasculares/complicações
3.
Rev Med Liege ; 79(3): 146-151, 2024 Mar.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38487908

RESUMO

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) reduce the risk of cardiovascular (CV) complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) in placebo-controlled CV outcome trials. This article compares the proportion of T2DM patients treated with GLP-1RAs in retrospective observational studies that recruited T2DM patients with versus without established ASCVD. Nine cohorts from seven studies were collected in the international literature between 2019 and 2022. Overall, the percentages of patients treated with GLP-1RAs were low (< 10 %) in most studies. Surprisingly, the use of GLP-1RAs in patients with ASCVD was slightly lower in 7 out of 9 cohorts when compared to the use in patients without ASCVD (odds ratio 0.80, 95% CI 0.79-0.81). Despite a positive trend over the last decade, the real-world use of GLP-1RAs remains limited, especially in patients with established ASCVD. The reasons for this underuse are diverse. Bridging the gap between clinical evidence of cardioprotective effects of GLP-1RAs and their underuse in clinical practice in T2DM patients at high/very high CV risk, more particularly those with established ASCVD, should be considered as a key objective for health care providers, especially cardiologists.


Les agonistes des récepteurs du glucagon-like peptide-1 (ARGLP-1) réduisent le risque de complications cardiovasculaires (CV) chez les patients avec un diabète de type 2 (DT2) et une maladie cardiovasculaire athéromateuse (MCVA) dans des essais contrôlés versus placebo. Cet article compare l'utilisation des ARGLP-1 dans des études observationnelles rétrospectives en vie réelle chez des patients DT2 avec MCVA versus sans MCVA. Neuf cohortes provenant de 7 études ont été collectées dans la littérature internationale entre 2019 et 2022. Au total, les pourcentages de patients DT2 traités par un ARGLP-1 restent faibles (< 10 %) dans la plupart des études, même si une certaine progression a été notée ces dernières années. Curieusement, le recours à un ARGLP-1 chez des patients DT2 avec MCVA s'avère être légèrement inférieur chez les patients avec MCVA par rapport à ceux sans MCVA dans 7 cohortes sur 9 (odds ratio 0,80, intervalle de confiance à 95 % 0,79-0,81). Les raisons de cette sous-utilisation sont multiples. Combler le fossé entre l'évidence clinique d'une cardioprotection procurée par les ARGLP-1 et leur sous-utilisation en pratique clinique chez les patients DT2 à haut ou très haut risque CV, en particulier ceux avec une MCVA avérée, doit être considéré comme un objectif par les professionnels de la santé, en particulier les cardiologues.


Assuntos
Aterosclerose , Doenças Cardiovasculares , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Humanos , Aterosclerose/prevenção & controle , Aterosclerose/complicações , Doenças Cardiovasculares/prevenção & controle , Doenças Cardiovasculares/induzido quimicamente , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicações , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Receptor do Peptídeo Semelhante ao Glucagon 1/agonistas , 60650 , Hipoglicemiantes/uso terapêutico , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco
4.
Rev Med Liege ; 79(3): 191-194, 2024 Mar.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38487915

RESUMO

The concept of «metabolic syndrome¼ was brought to the forefront in the early 2000s in international literature, but this interest seems to have faded somewhat in recent years. However, this constellation of cardiovascular risk factors should not be neglected. Taken individually, they hardly seem problematic, but when they are present within the same individual, they significantly increase the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. This clinical vignette aims to draw attention to the usefulness of the search for metabolic syndrome in clinical practic.


Le concept de «syndrome métabolique¼ a été mis en avant de la scène au début des années 2000 dans la littérature internationale, mais cet intérêt semble s'être quelque peu estompé au cours des dernières années. Il convient cependant de ne pas négliger cette constellation de facteurs de risque cardiovasculaire qui, pris individuellement, ne paraissent guère problématiques, mais qui, lorsqu'ils co-existent chez une même personne, augmentent sensiblement le risque de morbi-mortalité. Cette vignette clinique a pour but d'attirer l'attention sur l'importance de la recherche d'un syndrome métabolique dans la pratique clinique.


Assuntos
Doenças Cardiovasculares , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Síndrome Metabólica , Humanos , Síndrome Metabólica/complicações , Síndrome Metabólica/diagnóstico , Síndrome Metabólica/metabolismo , Fatores de Risco , Doenças Cardiovasculares/etiologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicações
5.
Rev Med Liege ; 79(2): 120-128, 2024 Feb.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38356430

RESUMO

Mavacamten (Camzyos®) is a myosin modulator which reduces the interactions between myosin and actin. These are overly activated in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), a source of exaggerated ventricular contractility, energy loss, and impairment of diastolic function (relaxation). The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medication Agency (EMA) approved mavacamten for the treatment of symptomatic obstructive HCM (NYHA class II or III) in adult patients in 2022 and 2023, respectively. The medication is not yet reimbursed in Belgium. As seen in its clinical development studies, mavacamten reduces the intraventricular gradient, improves functional capacity and reduces symptoms. It also seems to be an innovative alternative to septal reduction. Mavacamten is usually very well tolerated knowing that, through its mechanism of action, it causes a dose-dependent and reversible reduction in left ventricular ejection fraction, which must therefore be closely monitored. The good tolerance and the effectiveness of mavacamten seem to be maintained over time. Consequently, the recent European Society of Cardiology Updated Guidelines on cardiomyopathy (ESC 09/2023) already recommend mavacamten in the pharmacological management of obstructive HCM.


Le mavacamten (Camzyos®) est un modulateur de la myosine qui diminue les interactions entre la myosine et l'actine. En effet, celles-ci sont trop activées dans la cardiomyopathie hypertrophique (CMH), source de contractilité ventriculaire exagérée, de déperdition énergétique et de troubles de la fonction diastolique (relaxation). Le mavacamten est approuvé par la Food and Drug Administration (FDA 2022) et l'European Medication Agency (EMA 2023) pour le traitement de la CMH obstructive (CMHO) symptomatique (classe NYHA II ou III) chez les patients adultes. Il n'est pas encore remboursé en Belgique. Les études pivots de son développement clinique ont montré que le mavacamten réduit le gradient intraventriculaire, améliore la capacité fonctionnelle et diminue les symptômes. Il semble aussi représenter une alternative innovante à la réduction septale. Le mavacamten est généralement très bien toléré, sachant que, par son mécanisme d'action, il entraîne une diminution dose-dépendante et réversible de la fraction d'éjection ventriculaire gauche, qui devra donc être surveillée étroitement. Sa bonne tolérance et son efficacité semblent se maintenir au cours du temps. En conséquence, les récentes recommandations de la Société Européenne de Cardiologie (ESC 2023) à propos des cardiomyopathies recommandent déjà le mavacamten dans l'arsenal pharmacologique de la prise en charge des CMHO.


Assuntos
Cardiomiopatia Hipertrófica , Uracila/análogos & derivados , Função Ventricular Esquerda , Estados Unidos , Adulto , Humanos , Volume Sistólico , Cardiomiopatia Hipertrófica/tratamento farmacológico , Benzilaminas/efeitos adversos , Miosinas
6.
Diabetes Metab ; 50(2): 101508, 2024 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38158077

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is), while developed as antihyperglycaemic medications for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, have proven to reduce major cardiovascular adverse events (MACEs) and hospitalization for heart failure (especially for SGLT2is) in dedicated cardiovascular outcome trials. The contribution of the glucose-lowering effect in the cardiovascular protection is uncertain and may differ between the two drug classes. METHODS: This narrative review compares the relative effects of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) reduction on the cardiovascular protection provided by GLP-1RAs and SGLT2is in placebo-controlled cardiovascular outcome trials by using the results of either post-hoc mediation analyses or meta-regression studies. RESULTS: Both mediation and meta-regression analyses suggest that the lower cardiovascular risk with GLP-1RAs partially but substantially tracks with their glucose-lowering effect, especially when considering the reduction in nonfatal strokes. In contrast, similar analyses fail to demonstrate any significant contribution of the glucose-lowering effect with SGLT2is, not only on MACEs but also on heart failure issues. CONCLUSION: The contribution of improved glucose control in cardiovascular protection is limited, but is much greater for GLP-1RAs than for SGLT2is. Of note, such mediation or meta-regression analyses are exploratory and can only be viewed as hypothesis generating.


Assuntos
Doenças Cardiovasculares , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Insuficiência Cardíaca , Inibidores do Transportador 2 de Sódio-Glicose , Humanos , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/induzido quimicamente , Hemoglobinas Glicadas , Transportador 2 de Glucose-Sódio , Inibidores do Transportador 2 de Sódio-Glicose/uso terapêutico , Hipoglicemiantes/uso terapêutico , Glucose , Receptor do Peptídeo Semelhante ao Glucagon 1/agonistas , Doenças Cardiovasculares/induzido quimicamente
7.
Rev Med Liege ; 78(12): 725-732, 2023 Dec.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38095038

RESUMO

Finerenone, a new nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, showed a significant reduction in a primary composite renal outcome in FIDELIO-DKD and a significant reduction in a primary composite cardiovascular outcome in FIGARO-DKD in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and a chronic kidney disease (CKD). In a subsequent analysis that combined these two clinical trials (FIDELITY), the reduction becomes statistically significant when compared to placebo for both outcomes, with a hazard ratio of 0.86 (95 % confidence interval 0.78-0.95; P = 0.0018) for the cardiovascular outcome and 0.77 (0.67-0.88; P = 0.0002) for the renal outcome. Furthermore, all renal events occurred less frequently with finerenone than with placebo, including the progression to end-stage CKD independently of the baseline levels of glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria and regardless of associated medications (including gliflozins). The safety profile was excellent. However, a significant increase in serum potassium level was observed. Even if it is less pronounced than the increase usually seen with spironolactone, the risk of hyperkalemia requires some caution regarding both patient selection and monitoring. Finerenone (Kerendia®) is indicated in the treatment of CKD with albuminuria in adult patients with T2D. In Belgium, it is reimbursed with conditions in combination with a renin-angiotensin blocker.


La finérénone, un nouvel antagoniste non stéroïdien du récepteur des minéralocorticoïdes, a montré, dans deux grandes études réalisées chez des patients avec un diabète de type 2 (DT2) et une maladie rénale chronique (MRC), une réduction significative du critère composite rénal dans FIDELIO-DKD et du critère composite cardiovasculaire dans FIGARO-DKD. Dans une analyse combinant les deux études (FIDELITY), la réduction est statistiquement significative dans le groupe finérénone par rapport au groupe placebo pour les deux critères, avec un hasard ratio de 0,86 (intervalle de confiance à 95 % 0,78-0,95; P = 0,0018) pour le critère cardiovasculaire et de 0,77 (0,67-0,88; P = 0,0002) pour le critère rénal. De plus, tous les événements rénaux surviennent moins fréquemment sous finérénone que sous placebo, y compris la progression vers l'insuffisance rénale terminale et ce, indépendamment du niveau du débit de filtration glomérulaire et de l'albuminurie à l'inclusion dans les essais ou des traitements associés (y compris les gliflozines). Le profil de sécurité est excellent, avec cependant une élévation de la kaliémie. Si elle est moindre que celle observée avec la spironolactone, elle nécessite néanmoins des précautions d'usage en termes de sélection des patients et de leur surveillance. La finérénone (Kerendia®) est indiquée dans le traitement de la MRC avec albuminurie chez le patient adulte avec DT2 et est remboursée en Belgique, sous conditions, en association avec un bloqueur du système rénine-angiotensine.


Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Nefropatias Diabéticas , Insuficiência Renal Crônica , Adulto , Humanos , Albuminúria , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicações , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Antagonistas de Receptores de Mineralocorticoides/efeitos adversos , Método Duplo-Cego , Nefropatias Diabéticas/tratamento farmacológico , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/complicações , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/tratamento farmacológico
8.
Rev Med Liege ; 78(11): 665-673, 2023 Nov.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37955298

RESUMO

Streptococcus pneumoniae infections cause community-acquired pneumonia and invasive pneumococcal disease such as sepsis and acute meningitis. In the adult population, the risk of severe infections, which can be lethal, is particularly high among people aged above 65 years and subgroups with comorbidities. Pneumococcal vaccines underwent progressive improvement and a new conjugated vaccine targeting 20 serotypes (PCV20) is now available. The Belgian Superior Health Council has recently reiterated the importance of vaccinating at-risk individuals against S. pneumoniae and now recommends vaccination with PCV20 (Apexxnar®) as the preferred primary vaccination regimen in all at-risk adults. The present article reminds the risk of severe pneumococcal infections among patients with comorbidities, by targeting five of them, chronic respiratory diseases, heart failure, chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus and cirrhosis. It emphasizes the too low rate of pneumococcal vaccination in these at-risk subgroups and summarizes the last guidelines of the Belgian Superior Health Council in favor of pneumococcal vaccination in at-risk patients with comorbidities. Finally, it describes the Belgian reimbursement criteria recently granted to people aged 65-85 years with comorbidities.


Les infections par le Streptococcus pneumoniae sont responsables de pneumonies communautaires et de maladies invasives à pneumocoques telles que sepsis et méningites aiguës. Dans la population adulte, le risque d'infections graves, potentiellement léthales, est particulièrement élevé chez les personnes âgées de plus de 65 ans et parmi des sous-groupes avec comorbidités. Les vaccins antipneumococciques ont été progressivement améliorés et un nouveau vaccin conjugué ciblant 20 sérotypes (PCV20) est désormais disponible. Le Conseil Supérieur de la Santé (CSS) belge a rappelé, en 2022, l'importance de vacciner contre S. pneumoniae les personnes à risque et privilégie le PCV20 (Apexxnar®) pour la primo-vaccination chez les personnes adultes dans tous les groupes à risque. Cet article rappelle le risque d'infections pneumococciques graves chez les patients avec comorbidités, en ciblant plus particulièrement quatre d'entre elles, les maladies respiratoires chroniques, l'insuffisance cardiaque, la maladie rénale chronique, le diabète sucré et la cirrhose. Il insiste sur le trop faible taux de vaccination antipneumococcique dans ces populations à risque et résume les dernières recommandations du CSS en faveur de la vaccination antipneumococcique des groupes à risque en fonction de la présence de comorbidités. Enfin, il fait état des conditions de remboursement récemment accordées à la vaccination antipneumococcique dans les groupes à risque chez les personnes âgées de 65 à 85 ans.


Assuntos
Infecções Pneumocócicas , Adulto , Humanos , Bélgica/epidemiologia , Infecções Pneumocócicas/epidemiologia , Infecções Pneumocócicas/prevenção & controle , Streptococcus pneumoniae , Vacinação , Vacinas Pneumocócicas , Vacinas Conjugadas
9.
Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol ; 16(11): 1053-1062, 2023.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37919944

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and heart failure (HF) are two major complications of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Cardiovascular protection is a key objective, yet not fully reached in clinical practice. AREAS COVERED: Both glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) have proven their efficacy in reducing major cardiovascular events in high-risk patients with T2DM and SGLT2is in reducing hospitalization for HF in placebo-controlled randomized trials. However, real-life studies worldwide revealed that only a minority of patients with T2DM receive either a GLP-1RA or an SGLT2i and surprisingly even less patients with established ASCVD or HF are treated with these cardioprotective antihyperglycemic agents. EXPERT OPINION: Bridging the gap between evidence-based cardiovascular protection with GLP-1RAs and SGLT2is and their underuse in daily clinical practice in patients with T2DM at high risk is crucial from a public health viewpoint. However, the task appears hazardous and the goal not attained considering the current failure. Education of specialists/primary care physicians and patients is critical. Multifaceted and coordinated interventions involving all actors (physicians, patients and broadly health-care system) must be implemented to stimulate the adoption of these cardioprotective antihyperglycemic medications as part of routine cardiovascular care among patients with T2DM.


Type 2 diabetes can lead to major cardiovascular complications including cardiovascular disease linked to narrowing of the arteries (atherosclerosis), and heart failure. These complications are associated with lower quality of life and life expectancy. Thus, cardiovascular protection in people with type 2 diabetes is an important objective. However, clinical practice often fails in fully achieving this goal.Two types of medications that lower blood sugar (so-called antidiabetic agents) have shown efficacy in reducing major cardiovascular events (such as strokes and heart attacks) in high-risk patients with type 2 diabetes. One of them has also shown effectiveness in decreasing hospitalizations due to heart failure. However, in clinical practice, most patients with type 2 diabetes do not receive these medications, even people with known cardiovascular disease or heart failure, despite the proven effectiveness of these drugs. Many studies worldwide have highlighted socioeconomic inequities regarding the use of these medications, which can be expensive.From a public health perspective, it is imperative to bridge the gap between the under-use of cardioprotective antidiabetic agents in routine daily practice among high-risk patients with type 2 diabetes and the clear-cut recommendations of international guidelines. Given the current limitations, this task appears challenging. Education of physicians (both primary care practitioners and specialists, including cardiologists) and patients is most important in addressing this issue. Finally, in every country, the global health-care system should facilitate the use of these agents among patients with type 2 diabetes at high risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and heart failure.


Assuntos
Aterosclerose , Doenças Cardiovasculares , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Insuficiência Cardíaca , Humanos , Hipoglicemiantes/efeitos adversos , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicações , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Cardiotônicos/farmacologia , Insuficiência Cardíaca/tratamento farmacológico , Aterosclerose/complicações , Doenças Cardiovasculares/prevenção & controle , Doenças Cardiovasculares/complicações , Receptor do Peptídeo Semelhante ao Glucagon 1/agonistas
10.
Rev Med Liege ; 78(10): 593-600, 2023 Oct.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37830326

RESUMO

Evolocumab is a monoclonal antibody that blocks PCSK9 («Proproteine Convertase Subtilisine/Kexine type 9¼). It exerts a rapid, potent and sustained reduction of LDL cholesterol (LDL-c) levels in combination with statin therapy. It was first reimbursed for the treatment of familial hypercholesterolaemia. The FOURIER trial and its extension FOURIER-OLE among patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and residual hypercholesterolaemia despite statin therapy demonstrated that evolocumab significantly reduces the incidence of major cardiovascular adverse events (- 15 %, P <0.001). There was a monotonic relationship between the reduction in clinical events and the diminution of LDL-c levels even down to the lowest concentrations. The safety profile of evolocumab was excellent, also in patients with very low LDL-c levels. Because of these favorable results, evolocumab (Repatha®) is now reimbursed, under conditions, for the secondary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.


L'évolocumab est un anticorps monoclonal bloquant la PCSK9 («Proprotein Convertase Subtilisine/Kexine de type 9¼). Il exerce une réduction rapide, puissante et soutenue des concentrations de cholestérol LDL (LDL-c) en ajout à un traitement par statine. Il a d'abord été remboursé pour le traitement de l'hypercholestérolémie familiale. L'étude FOURIER et son extension FOURIER-OLE ont démontré, chez des patients avec ma- ladie cardiovasculaire athéromateuse et hypercholestérolémie résiduelle sous statine, que l'évolocumab est capable de réduire significativement l'incidence des événements cardiovasculaires majeurs (- 15 %, P <0,001). Il existe une relation continue entre la diminution des événements cliniques et la baisse du LDL-c, jusqu'aux valeurs les plus basses. Par contre, même aux taux les plus bas de LDL-c, la tolérance de l'évolocumab s'avère excellente. Au vu de ces résultats favorables, l'évolocumab (Repatha®) est désormais remboursé, sous conditions, pour la prévention secondaire de la maladie cardiovasculaire athéromateuse.


Assuntos
Anticolesterolemiantes , Aterosclerose , Doenças Cardiovasculares , Inibidores de Hidroximetilglutaril-CoA Redutases , Humanos , Pró-Proteína Convertase 9 , Anticolesterolemiantes/uso terapêutico , Inibidores de Hidroximetilglutaril-CoA Redutases/uso terapêutico , LDL-Colesterol/uso terapêutico , Inibidores de PCSK9 , Doenças Cardiovasculares/induzido quimicamente , Prevenção Secundária , Resultado do Tratamento , Aterosclerose/tratamento farmacológico , Aterosclerose/etiologia , Aterosclerose/prevenção & controle
11.
Diabetes Metab ; 49(5): 101474, 2023 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37678760

RESUMO

Stroke represents a major burden in patients with type 2 diabetes, yet this cerebrovascular complication has been less carefully investigated than the risk of cardiovascular mortality, heart failure and renal disease. Some data suggested that glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) exert a better protection against stroke than sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is). However, this conclusion was derived from indirect comparisons in absence of any head-to-head randomised controlled trial (RCT). The present comprehensive review compares the effects of SGLT2is versus GLP-1RAs on nonfatal and fatal/nonfatal strokes in network meta-analyses of RCTs (mostly cardiovascular outcome trials) versus placebo, on the one hand, and in real-life observational cohort studies, on the other hand. Whereas network meta-analyses of placebo-controlled RCTs confirm a slight but significant (in 11 out of 13 meta-analyses) higher incidence of stroke in patients treated with SGLT2is compared with those treated with GLP-1RAs, a large majority of retrospective observational cohort studies (19 out of 21) failed to find any significant difference in the risk of stroke between the two pharmacological classes. Available, yet limited, findings suggest that SGLT2is may be more efficacious against haemorrhagic than ischaemic strokes, in patients at risk for atrial fibrillation and in patients with chronic kidney disease.


Assuntos
Doenças Cardiovasculares , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Inibidores do Transportador 2 de Sódio-Glicose , Acidente Vascular Cerebral , Humanos , Doenças Cardiovasculares/prevenção & controle , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicações , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/epidemiologia , Receptor do Peptídeo Semelhante ao Glucagon 1/agonistas , Hipoglicemiantes/uso terapêutico , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Inibidores do Transportador 2 de Sódio-Glicose/uso terapêutico , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/epidemiologia , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/prevenção & controle , Metanálise em Rede
12.
Rev Med Liege ; 78(9): 476-483, 2023 Sep.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37712156

RESUMO

Sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is or gliflozins) are now considered as a therapeutic breakthrough in clinical practice, not only for the management of type 2 diabetes (T2D), but also for the treatment of heart failure and chronic renal disease. Patients with T2D are exposed to a higher risk of atheromatic lesions, heart failure and renal insufficiency, all complications that can be reduced by a gliflozin as shown in several placebo- controlled randomised trials in at high risk patients. Unexpectedly, such cardio-renal protection has also been observed among non-diabetic patients with heart failure (both with reduced and preserved ejection fraction) or with chronic kidney disease (especially with albuminuria). Because of these properties, SGLT2is now occupy a privileged place in diabetology, cardiology and nephrology. However, they are still slow to settle in primary care practice, even in high risk patients who should benefit, an underuse possibly due at least partially to quite complex reimbursement criteria in Belgium.


Les inhibiteurs des sodium-glucose cotransporteurs type 2 (iSGLT2 ou gliflozines) ont réalisé une percée remarquable dans la pratique clinique, non seulement pour le traitement du diabète de type 2 (DT2), mais aussi pour celui de l'insuffisance cardiaque et de la maladie rénale chronique. Le patient avec DT2 est exposé à des lésions athéromateuses, une insuffisance cardiaque et une insuffisance rénale, toutes complications freinées par la prise d'une gliflozine comme démontré dans plusieurs essais cliniques contrôlés versus placebo chez des patients à haut risque. De façon a priori inattendue, cette protection cardio-rénale a également été prouvée chez des patients non diabétiques présentant une insuffisance cardiaque (avec fraction d'éjection réduite ou préservée) ou une maladie rénale chronique (notamment avec albuminurie). Au vu de ces propriétés, les iSGLT2 occupent maintenant une place privilégiée en diabétologie, en cardiologie et en néphrologie. Cependant, ils tardent encore à s'implanter en médecine de première ligne, y compris chez des patients à haut risque qui devraient pourtant en bénéficier et ce, probablement en partie à cause de critères de remboursement relativement complexes en Belgique.


Assuntos
Cardiologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Insuficiência Cardíaca , Nefrologia , Insuficiência Renal Crônica , Inibidores do Transportador 2 de Sódio-Glicose , Humanos , Inibidores do Transportador 2 de Sódio-Glicose/uso terapêutico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Insuficiência Cardíaca/tratamento farmacológico , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/tratamento farmacológico , Atenção Primária à Saúde
13.
Rev Med Liege ; 78(9): 516-522, 2023 Sep.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37712162

RESUMO

Metabolic disorders (dysglycaemia, dyslipidaemia, metabolic syndrome) may occur or worsen with antidepressants. Even if the metabolic risk appears lower with antidepressants than with certain atypical antipsychotics, it should not be neglected in clinical practice, especially with antidepressants that are associated with weight gain. Metabolic disorders may occur with both selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclics, but with some between-molecule differences within each pharmacological family. Besides potential deleterious effects of medications, the psychiatric population is also exposed to bad lifestyle habits (unhealthy diet and sedentary life) and poor medication compliance, which all together could also contribute to enhance the risk of metabolic disorders and cardiovascular complications. Facing such a complex situation, it is not easy to individualize the metabolic risk inherent to antidepressants, also because an effective management of the depression could improve both the quality of life and the adherence to a better lifestyle.


Des désordres métaboliques (dysglycémie, dyslipidémie, syndrome métabolique) peuvent apparaître ou être majorés par un traitement antidépresseur. Même si le risque métabolique est moins marqué qu'avec certains antipsychotiques atypiques, il ne doit pas être négligé dans la pratique clinique, en particulier avec les antidépresseurs associés à une prise pondérale. Les troubles métaboliques peuvent survenir avec les inhibiteurs sélectifs de la recapture de la sérotonine (et de la noradrénaline) comme avec les tricycliques, mais avec des différences entre certaines molécules dans chaque classe pharmacologique. à côté des effets délétères potentiels des psychotropes, la population psychiatrique est également souvent exposée à une mauvaise hygiène de vie (alimentation malsaine et sédentarité marquée) et à une moins bonne adhésion au traitement médicamenteux en général, l'ensemble pouvant contribuer à accroître le risque métabolique et cardiovasculaire. Devant la complexité d'une telle situation, il n'est pas aisé d'individualiser le risque métabolique propre inhérent aux antidépresseurs, d'autant plus qu'un traitement efficace de la dépression peut aussi, par lui-même, améliorer la qualité de vie et l'adhésion aux mesures hygiéno-diététiques.


Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Humanos , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicações , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Depressão/tratamento farmacológico , Qualidade de Vida , Obesidade/complicações , Antidepressivos/efeitos adversos
15.
Rev Med Suisse ; 19(838): 1492-1495, 2023 Aug 23.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37610192

RESUMO

The management of type 2 diabetes (T2D) after a gastric bypass or a sleeve gastrectomy requires some cautions depending on the timing after the surgical procedure and the patient evolution. Even before the intervention, gliflozins should be interrupted to avoid euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis while sulphonylureas should be stopped and insulin doses should be reduced (with caution) to limit the risk of hypoglycemia. If a remission of T2D occurs, the maintenance of metformin or of a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist should be considered with the main objective to prolong the remission. Finally, if T2D remains or if a relapse occurs, the management of hyperglycemia should a priori follow the same rules as those used for patients with T2D who are not treated with bariatric/metabolic surgery.


Gérer le diabète de type 2 (DT2) dans les suites d'une dérivation gastrique (bypass) ou d'une gastrectomie en manchon (sleeve) demande une attention particulière en fonction du moment considéré et de l'évolution du patient. Dès avant l'intervention, il faut arrêter les gliflozines pour éviter une acidose diabétique euglycémique, stopper les sulfamides et réduire (prudemment) les doses d'insuline pour limiter le risque d'hypoglycémie. Si une rémission du DT2 s'installe, le maintien de la metformine ou d'un analogue du glucagon-like peptide-1 doit être discuté pour prolonger cette phase de rémission. Enfin, si le DT2 persiste après la chirurgie ou en cas de rechute, l'hyperglycémie devra être traitée avec, a priori, les mêmes règles que celles dévolues aux patients avec DT2 qui n'ont pas subi de chirurgie bariatrique/métabolique.


Assuntos
Cirurgia Bariátrica , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Metformina , Humanos , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Hipoglicemiantes/uso terapêutico , Cirurgia Bariátrica/efeitos adversos , Compostos de Sulfonilureia
16.
Rev Med Suisse ; 19(838): 1498-1502, 2023 Aug 23.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37610193

RESUMO

Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD) is a prevalent metabolic complication among patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes, associated with bad prognosis. Classical antidiabetics have little effects on this complication, except pioglitazone that exerts a positive impact but with uncertain safety. Gliptins are almost neutral, whereas glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists showed benefits, the most potent ones being those associated with a greater weight loss such as liraglutide or semaglutide. Gliflozins also reduce hepatic fat content and liver enzymes used as biomarkers of steatosis. However, histological data remain scarce, especially those focusing on inflammation and fibrosis, and direct comparative data between available therapies are still lacking.


La stéatopathie ou MAFLD pour « Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease ¼ est une complication métabolique fréquente de l'obésité et du diabète de type 2, grevée d'un mauvais pronostic. Les antidiabétiques classiques n'ont que peu d'effets sur cette complication, hormis la pioglitazone qui exerce un impact positif. Les gliptines sont peu efficaces, à l'inverse des agonistes des récepteurs du glucagon-like peptide-1, les plus efficaces étant ceux associés à la plus forte perte de poids comme le liraglutide et le sémaglutide. Les gliflozines réduisent également le contenu graisseux hépatique et les biomarqueurs de la stéatose. Cependant, les données histologiques restent limitées, notamment concernant l'inflammation et la fibrose, et il manque de données comparatives directes entre les divers traitements existants.


Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Inibidores da Dipeptidil Peptidase IV , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica , Humanos , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Hipoglicemiantes/efeitos adversos , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/tratamento farmacológico , Liraglutida/uso terapêutico
17.
Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol ; 19(8): 543-553, 2023.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37620287

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Type 2 diabetes and liver disease, mainly metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) and more rarely cirrhosis, coexist in many patients. This duality has direct implications for the physician when choosing glucose-lowering agents, with classical concerns but also recent new hopes. AREAS COVERED: This updated comprehensive review will consider the pharmacokinetics, the tolerance/safety profile, the benefit/risk balance in cirrhosis, the effects on MAFLD and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma of old and new glucose-lowering compounds in patients with liver disease, with a special focus on glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors. EXPERT OPINION: We are currently facing a new paradigm in the management of patients with diabetes and liver disease. From previous reluctance when using antidiabetic agents (except insulin) in diabetic patients with hepatic impairment because of safety concerns, the commercialization of novel glucose-lowering agents has changed the scene. These agents, which have a good safety profile, are associated with weight loss and pleiotropic effects. They have proven their efficacy in improving MAFLD. However, more specific studies are still needed to prove their efficacy in preventing the progression to fibrosis/cirrhosis and confirm this new opportunity for the management of patients with diabetes and liver disease.


Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica , Humanos , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicações , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Hipoglicemiantes/efeitos adversos , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/complicações , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/tratamento farmacológico , Insulina/uso terapêutico , Cirrose Hepática/complicações , Cirrose Hepática/tratamento farmacológico , Glucose/uso terapêutico , Receptor do Peptídeo Semelhante ao Glucagon 1/agonistas
19.
Rev Med Liege ; 78(5-6): 363-368, 2023 May.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37350216

RESUMO

Malaises are often attributed to hypoglycaemia in nondiabetic people who don't have any other serious medical problem. Reactive hypoglycaemia, the most frequent one, may be considered as a functional disorder. However, its diagnosis is often overused, because not really demonstrated in most instances. The diagnosis of hypoglycaemia should be structured, based upon the Whipple triad. First, the medical interrogatory must search for adrenergic and neuroglucopenic symptoms that suggest hypoglycaemia. Second, if the malaise is due to a hypoglycaemia, it should resume rapidly after the administration of sugar. Third, hypoglycaemia must be confirmed by a measurement of a low glucose level at the time of a malaise. The latter approach is facilitated by the use of home blood monitoring, a strategy that is now preferred to the use of an oral glucose tolerance test, a non-physiological test far from real-life conditions. When the diagnosis is made based upon this triad, the medical interview should precise the severity of the symptoms and focus on the chronology of the malaises, typically 2-3 hours after a sugar-enriched meal in case of a reactive hypoglycaemia. Therapeutic approach of this functional disorder mostly relies on dietary advices.


La survenue de malaises est souvent attribuée à une hypoglycémie chez des personnes non diabétiques et, a priori, sans autre problème de santé. L'hypoglycémie réactionnelle, la plus fréquente, peut être considérée comme un trouble fonctionnel. Son diagnostic est, cependant, souvent galvaudé, car l'hypoglycémie n'est habituellement pas authentifiée. Le diagnostic d'hypoglycémie doit se faire de façon structurée en se basant sur la «triade de Whipple¼. Tout d'abord, l'anamnèse doit rechercher les symptômes évocateurs d'hypoglycémie, adrénergiques et neuroglucopéniques. Ensuite, s'il s'agit bien d'une hypoglycémie, le malaise doit disparaître rapidement après resucrage. Enfin, l'hypoglycémie doit être authentifiée par une mesure d'une valeur basse au moment d'un malaise. Cette confirmation a été facilitée par l'utilisation des lecteurs de glycémie, une stratégie qui est dorénavant préférée à la réalisation d'une hyperglycémie provoquée par voie orale, test non physiologique fort éloigné des conditions de vraie vie. Une fois le diagnostic posé sur cette triade, l'anamnèse doit faire préciser, outre la sévérité des malaises, leur chronologie, typiquement 2-3 heures après un repas riche en glucides dans le cas d'une hypoglycémie réactive. Le traitement de ce trouble fonctionnel repose principalement sur des mesures diététiques.


Assuntos
Hipoglicemia , Humanos , Hipoglicemia/diagnóstico , Hipoglicemia/etiologia , Hipoglicemia/terapia , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Açúcares/uso terapêutico , Glicemia
20.
Rev Med Liege ; 78(5-6): 369-375, 2023 May.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37350217

RESUMO

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a functional eating disorder with a multifactorial origin without an underlying somatic disease. Two types of AN should be distinguished, pure restrictive AN and AN-boulimia with purging, most often among young females. AN is mainly a psychological disease, but it leads quite early to various somatic complications. Weight loss may be dramatic and different deficiencies then occur. Besides anorexia, aberrant behaviours may be present, which may be associated with severe complications. Management should be pluridisciplinary, yet no strategy has proved clear superiority. In cases with profound severity, either psychological/psychiatric or somatic, a hospitalization in a specialized unit becomes essential. The outcome remains uncertain and the final prognosis remains reserved in most cases.


L'anorexie mentale (AM) est un trouble fonctionnel alimentaire d'origine multifactorielle, sans que l'on puisse objectiver une maladie organique sous-jacente. On distingue l'AM restrictive pure et l'AM-boulimie avec purge, le plus souvent chez la jeune fille. Il s'agit d'une maladie essentiellement psychologique, mais qui s'accompagne assez rapidement de diverses complications organiques. Le déficit pondéral peut être majeur et des carences diverses apparaissent dans ces conditions. Par ailleurs, des comportements aberrants peuvent également être présents et donner des complications sévères. La prise en charge conseillée est pluridisciplinaire sans qu'aucune stratégie ait clairement démontré une véritable supériorité. Dans les cas avec sévérité majeure, qu'elle soit d'ordre psychologique/psychiatrique ou somatique, une hospitalisation en milieu spécialisé s'avère alors indispensable. L'issue est souvent incertaine et le pronostic reste réservé dans bien des cas.


Assuntos
Anorexia Nervosa , Feminino , Humanos , Anorexia Nervosa/complicações , Anorexia Nervosa/diagnóstico , Anorexia Nervosa/terapia , Hospitalização , Redução de Peso
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